The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was one of the world’s earliest urban cultures, flourishing from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE.
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Its cities exhibited several characteristic features that set them apart and made them remarkable for their time. Below, I will enumerate the chief characteristic features of the Harappan cities:
1. **Urban Planning and Layout:**
– Harappan cities were meticulously planned and organized, with a grid-like street layout. The streets intersected at right angles, creating a well-structured urban environment.
2. **Brick Construction:**
– One of the most distinctive features of Harappan cities was the widespread use of standardized, kiln-fired bricks. These bricks were of consistent size and quality, contributing to the durability of their structures.
3. **Advanced Drainage Systems:**
– Harappan cities had sophisticated and efficient drainage systems. Covered drains made of baked bricks ran beneath the streets, ensuring the efficient disposal of wastewater and sewage.
4. **Citadel and Lower Towns:**
– Most Harappan cities featured a citadel and a lower town. The citadel was a raised area that likely housed administrative or elite structures, while the lower town contained residential and commercial buildings.
5. **Public and Private Wells:**
– Wells were a common feature in both citadels and lower towns, indicating a well-organized water supply system. These wells provided access to clean drinking water for the inhabitants.
6. **Granaries:**
– Large granaries were discovered in Harappan cities, suggesting an advanced system of food storage and distribution. These granaries were likely used for storing surplus crops.
7. **Trade and Commerce:**
– Evidence of trade and commerce is evident in the Harappan cities. Archaeological findings include seals, weights, and standardized measures, indicating a system of trade with distant regions.
8. **Harappan Script and Seals:**
– The Harappan script, which remains undeciphered, was used to inscribe seals made of clay or stone. These seals often featured animal motifs and symbols and were likely used for administrative or commercial purposes.
9. **Great Bath:**
– The “Great Bath” found in the citadel of Mohenjo-Daro is an iconic structure. It was a large, rectangular pool with steps leading down to it, possibly used for ritualistic or ceremonial bathing.
10. **Multi-story Buildings:**
– Some Harappan cities, such as Mohenjo-Daro, contained multi-story buildings, which were a remarkable architectural achievement for their time.
11. **Defensive Walls:**
– Many Harappan cities were fortified with defensive walls, suggesting the importance of security and protection.
12. **Craftsmanship and Artifacts:**
– The Harappans were skilled artisans, as evidenced by the pottery, jewelry, figurines, and sculptures found at these sites. Their craftsmanship displayed intricate designs and a high level of artistry.
13. **Standardized Weights and Measures:**
– The presence of standardized weights and measures indicates a well-regulated trade and economic system within the Harappan civilization.
14. **Cemetery Sites:**
– Harappan cities had designated cemetery areas located outside the city walls. These sites provide insights into burial practices and beliefs of the time.
15. **Decline and Abandonment:**
– One of the most mysterious features of Harappan cities is their sudden decline and eventual abandonment. The reasons for this decline remain a subject of scholarly debate, with theories ranging from environmental factors to invasion and migration.
In summary, the Harappan cities of ancient India were characterized by their advanced urban planning, brick construction, efficient drainage systems, and various features that reflected their highly organized society. These cities provide valuable insights into the social, economic, and cultural aspects of the Indus Valley civilization.