Functional perspectives on social stratification are theories that underscore the role of social inequality in upholding societal stability and functionality. These viewpoints perceive social stratification as a requisite and advantageous element of a well-functioning society, where individuals and groups are organized into distinct layers based on their roles, skills, and contributions. Among the notable functional theories of social stratification are the Davis-Moore theory and the Parsonian perspective.
The Davis-Moore theory posits that social stratification exists to ensure that the most capable and skilled individuals occupy the most critical and demanding positions within society. According to this theory, certain roles, such as those of doctors or engineers, necessitate extensive training, skills, and expertise. In order to motivate individuals to pursue these roles, society must offer greater rewards such as higher salaries, prestige, and privileges. This mechanism of social inequality, in turn, spurs individuals to acquire necessary skills and education, ultimately benefiting society by filling indispensable positions with competent individuals.
The Parsonian perspective, influenced by Talcott Parsons, expands on the functional approach by underscoring the significance of social differentiation and specialization. Parsons contended that social stratification arises from the need for diverse specialized roles in society, which collectively contribute to its stability and functionality. Distinct roles are ranked hierarchically, and individuals are incentivized to assume these roles due to the promise of rewards and status. This approach posits that social inequality functions as a mechanism that propels individuals to adapt to diverse roles, thus ensuring the seamless operation of intricate societies.
While functional approaches provide insight into the potential advantages of social stratification, critics argue that they often disregard the adverse consequences of inequality, such as social upheaval and marginalization. Furthermore, these perspectives may oversimplify the motivations and actions of individuals within a stratified society, neglecting factors like systemic barriers and power dynamics that perpetuate inequality. Nevertheless, functional approaches offer valuable insights into how social stratification can contribute to upholding social order and balance in complex societies.