Q: Narrative techniques employed by Mulk Raj Anand in his novel UNTOUCHABLE
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Mulk Raj Anand’s novel Untouchable employs a variety of narrative techniques that contribute to its thematic depth and emotional resonance. Written in 1935, the novel focuses on the life of Bakha, a young sweeper, and explores the harsh realities of the caste system in India. Here are some key narrative techniques employed by Anand in the novel:
1. Stream of Consciousness
- Anand often employs a stream of consciousness technique to delve into the inner thoughts and feelings of his characters, particularly Bakha. This technique allows readers to experience Bakha’s emotional turmoil and social struggles in a more intimate manner, creating a sense of empathy and immediacy.
2. Realism
- The novel is grounded in realism, depicting the stark realities of life for the untouchables in colonial India. Anand’s vivid descriptions and attention to detail bring the setting and characters to life, showcasing their daily struggles, aspirations, and the injustices they face. This commitment to realism enhances the impact of the social commentary in the novel.
3. Symbolism
- Anand uses various symbols throughout the narrative to convey deeper meanings. For example, Bakha’s profession as a sweeper symbolizes the degradation and invisibility of untouchables in society. The use of the public latrine serves as a symbol of the socio-economic conditions that entrap Bakha and others in his community. Such symbols enrich the text and provide a critical lens through which to understand the societal issues at play.
4. Dialogue and Vernacular Language
- The dialogues in the novel are authentic and reflect the vernacular of the characters, grounding the story in the cultural context of India. Anand captures the speech patterns and idioms of the different social classes, allowing readers to understand the nuances of relationships and the impact of caste on communication. The use of colloquial language adds authenticity and enhances character development.
5. Multiple Perspectives
- Anand includes various characters and their perspectives, showcasing the societal hierarchy and the impact of caste on different individuals. Through characters such as Bakha, his father, the upper-caste Hindus, and the British, the narrative presents a multifaceted view of the social dynamics in India, illustrating the pervasive discrimination and the complexity of human relationships.
6. Irony and Satire
- The narrative often employs irony and satire to critique the rigid caste system and the hypocrisy of societal norms. For instance, the characters who adhere to the caste system often display moral contradictions, revealing the absurdity of their beliefs. Anand’s satirical tone invites readers to question and reflect on the injustices of society.
7. Foreshadowing and Flashbacks
- Anand uses foreshadowing to hint at future events, creating a sense of inevitability in Bakha’s struggles. Flashbacks are also employed to provide context to Bakha’s life, revealing his past experiences and the societal conditioning that shapes his identity. These techniques enrich the narrative by adding depth to character motivations and the broader social commentary.
8. Social Critique
- Throughout the novel, Anand intersperses his narrative with a clear social critique, emphasizing the inhumane treatment of untouchables. The narrative voice often reflects Anand’s own ideological stance against the caste system, urging readers to recognize and challenge the moral injustices prevalent in society.
9. Emotional Appeal
- Anand skillfully evokes empathy through Bakha’s experiences and emotions. By presenting Bakha’s struggles and dreams, Anand invites readers to connect with his character on a personal level, fostering a deeper understanding of the psychological effects of caste discrimination.
Conclusion
Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable employs a rich array of narrative techniques that effectively convey the harsh realities of caste-based discrimination in India. Through realism, symbolism, dialogue, and various structural devices, Anand crafts a poignant critique of society while illuminating the humanity of those marginalized by the caste system. The novel remains a powerful exploration of identity, dignity, and social justice, making it a significant work in Indian literature.