Introduction to Rawls’ Critique
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John Rawls, in his seminal work “A Theory of Justice” (1971), critiques Utilitarianism for its failure to protect individual rights and ensure fair distribution of benefits and burdens. He argues that Utilitarianism sacrifices justice for the sake of maximizing total or average utility.
The Problem of Individual Rights
Rawls highlights that Utilitarianism ignores individual separateness. By prioritizing the “greatest good for the greatest number,” it allows for the oppression of minorities if it benefits the majority. For instance, utilitarian logic might justify slavery if it increases overall happiness, violating fundamental individual rights. Rawls finds this morally unacceptable and asserts that justice cannot be reduced to aggregate well-being.
The Distribution of Benefits and Burdens
Another flaw Rawls identifies is Utilitarianism’s indifference to inequalities. It does not consider how benefits or burdens are distributed, focusing only on overall welfare. This can lead to vast inequalities, as long as total utility is maximized. In contrast, Rawls proposes the Difference Principle, which allows inequalities only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society.
Rawls’ Justice as Fairness
Rawls counters Utilitarianism with his theory of Justice as Fairness, emphasizing two principles:
- Equal basic liberties for all individuals.
- Social and economic inequalities are only just if they benefit the least advantaged.
Conclusion
Rawls’ critique of Utilitarianism centers on its neglect of individual rights and fairness in distribution. He argues for a deontological approach to justice, where fairness and equality are foundational, making his critique a major turning point in modern political philosophy.